永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.8)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.8).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.8 A diversity of both horizontal and vertical structures and the diversity of species such as mixed stands shall be promoted, where appropriate. The practices shall also aim to maintain or restore landscape diversity.

8.4.8 應在適當情況下促進水平和垂直結構的多樣性以及混交林等物種多樣性。這些做法還應旨在維護或恢復景觀多樣性。

可能資料的整備：

        森林不應只由單一樹種或單一林齡的樹木組成，而是應該有多種樹種、不同年齡的樹木，以及多樣的生態系統，例如森林、濕地、草原等及多樣的林分結構。水平結構指的是林冠層、灌木層、草本層等不同高度的植被層次；垂直結構指的是樹木的年齡分布格局，例如:成群分布或分散分布。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         提供詳細的森林經營計畫，說明如何促進森林的多樣性。

2.         提供林分結構調查數據，展示森林的水平和垂直結構的多樣性。

3.         提供物種多樣性監測數據，展示森林中植物和動物物種的多樣性。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.8 A diversity of both horizontal and vertical structures and the diversity of species such as mixed stands shall be promoted, where appropriate. The practices shall also aim to maintain or restore landscape diversity.

Preparation of possible information:

       Forests should not only be composed of trees of a single species or a single age, but should have a variety of tree species, trees of different ages, and diverse ecosystems, such as forests, wetlands, grasslands, etc., and diverse stand structures. Horizontal structure refers to the vegetation layers of different heights, such as canopy layer, shrub layer, and herbaceous layer. Vertical structure refers to the distribution pattern of trees, such as, tree ag in groups or scattered.

Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         Provide a forest management plan that explains how to promote forest diversity.

2.         Provide stand structure survey data to show the diversity of the horizontal and vertical structure of the forest.

3.     Provides species diversity monitoring data to demonstrate the diversity of plant and animal species in forests