永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 6.4)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 6.4)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 6.4. The Organization shall protect rare species and threatened species and their habitats in the Management unit through conservation zones, protection areas, connectivity and/or (where necessary) other direct measures for their survival and viability. These measures shall be proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of management activities and to the conservation status and ecological requirements of the rare and threatened species. The Organization shall take into account the geographic range and ecological requirements of rare and threatened species beyond the boundary of the Management unit, when determining the measures to be taken inside the Management unit.

準則6.4. 為保護經營單元內珍稀物種、受威脅物種及其棲息地，組織應透過保育帶、保護區、連結通道，和/或(必要時)採取其他直接措施保護其生存與活力。措施應適切符合經營活動之規模、強度和風險，並合乎珍稀物種和受威脅物種之保育狀況和生態要求。當組織決定經營單元內之保護措施時，應一併考慮毗鄰經營單元之珍稀物種和受威脅物種地理分佈範圍和生態要求。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

  1.        組織提供相關文件，例如:保留區、保護區、重要棲息環境設置的資訊、地圖、範圍; 物種調查報告，內容包括物種的種類、數量、分布、生態需求等資訊; 風險評估報告，內容包括經營活動對珍稀瀕危物種的潛在風險; 保護措施計畫，內容包括保護目標、實施方法、責任分工等資訊; 監測計畫，內容包括監測項目、方法、頻率、責任分工等資訊; 社區參與計畫，內容包括社區參與的方式、內容、責任分工等資訊

2.        組織訪談的人員類型:組織業辦人員、社區成員、政府官員、環境專家等。

二、其他因素：

        組織應根據實際情況，選擇合適的保護措施實施相關保護措施：

1.        建立保留區、保護區、重要棲息環境

為保護自然資源或為保護特定物種或生態系統而劃定的區域，通常限制人類活動，但允許有限的人類活動，例如科研、教育等。

2.        維持物種連結性

建立連接不同棲息地的森林帶，可以讓物種自由移動交流的廊道。

3.        建立綠色步道是指穿梭於森林中的步道，可以讓人類在欣賞森林景觀的同時，也減少對野生動物的干擾。

4.        採取其他直接保護措施

人工繁殖是指在人工控制的環境下繁殖珍稀瀕危物種，以增加其族群數量; 棲息地復育是指恢復退化或破壞的棲息地，以改善物種的生存條件，例如:為鳥類或其他動物提供人工巢穴，以提高其繁殖成功率的巢箱設置。

5.        禁止或限制對珍稀瀕危物種的獵捕管制。

6.        採取措施減少道路對野生動物的衝撞，例如設置警示標誌、減速帶、地下通道等路殺防護措施。

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation:

Criterion 6.4. The Organization shall protect rare species and threatened species and their habitats in the Management unit through conservation zones, protection areas, connectivity and/or (where necessary) other direct measures for their survival and viability. These measures shall be proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of management activities and to the conservation status and ecological requirements of the rare and threatened species. The Organization shall take into account the geographic range and ecological requirements of rare and threatened species beyond the boundary of the Management unit, when determining the measures to be taken inside the Management unit.

Possible sources of information:

1.  The organization provides relevant documents, such as basic information, maps, and scopes of conservation zones, protection areas, and significant habitat settings; species survey reports, including species types, quantities, distributions, and ecological requirements; risk assessment reports, including potential risks of operational activities to rare and endangered species; conservation measures plans, including information on protection goals, implementation methods, responsibilities, etc.; monitoring plans, including information on monitoring items, methods, frequencies, responsibilities, etc.; community participation plans, including information on community participation methods, contents, responsibilities, etc.

2.  Types of personnel for interviews: Organization staff, community members, government officials, environmental experts, etc.

Other factors:

Organizations should choose appropriate protective measures based on actual circumstances and implement relevant protective measures:

1.  Establish conservation zones, protection areas, and significant habitats. These are areas designated for the protection of natural resources or specific species or ecosystems, typically restricting human activities but allowing limited human activities, such as research and education.

2.  Maintain species connectivity. Establish forest corridors connecting different habitats to allow free movement and exchange of species.

3.  Establish green trails. These are trails through forests that allow humans to enjoy forest landscapes while minimizing disturbance to wildlife.

4.  Implement other direct protective measures. Artificial breeding involves breeding rare and endangered species under controlled environments to increase their population numbers. Habitat restoration involves restoring degraded or damaged habitats to improve species' living conditions, such as providing artificial nests for birds or other animals to increase their breeding success rates through nest box installations.

5.  Regulate hunting of rare and endangered species by prohibition or restriction.

6.  Take measures to reduce wildlife collisions on roads, such as installing warning signs, speed bumps, and underpasses for wildlife roadkill protection.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 6.3)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 6.3)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 6.3. The Organization shall identify and implement effective actions to prevent negative impacts of management activities on the environmental values, and to mitigate and repair those that occur, proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of these impacts.

準則6.3. 組織應適切根據負面衝擊之規模、強度和風險，確立並執行有效行動，以避免經營活動對環境價值造成衝擊，及減緩和修復已發生的影響。

 一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        組織提供根據經營活動的類型、規模、強度和風險，所識別其對環境價值的潛在負面影響文件，以及所執行保護的措施文件，例如: 環境影響評估程序書、表單報告; 環境價值保護措施計畫等。

2.        組織訪談的人員類型:組織業辦人員、作業活動區域之社區成員、政府官員、環境專家等。

二、其他因素： 

1.        針對識別出的潛在負面影響，制定預防措施，可以包括：採用生態友好型經營技術、加強員工教育和培訓、制定應急預案。

2.        針對已發生的負面影響，應採用科學的方法和技術，也要考慮徵詢當地社區的意見和需求，以確保減輕和修復措施的有效性。減輕和修復措施，例如:生態修復。

3.        減輕和修復措施是保護森林生態環境的重要手段。組織應根據實際情況，制定有效的減輕和修復措施，以防止或減輕經營活動對環境價值的負面影響。

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation: 

Criterion 6.3. The Organization shall identify and implement effective actions to prevent negative impacts of management activities on the environmental values, and to mitigate and repair those that occur, proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of these impacts. 

Possible sources of information:

1.  The organization provides documents identifying the potential negative impacts of management activities on environmental values, and documents outlining the protective measures implemented based on the type, scale, intensity, and risk of the operational activities, such as environmental impact assessment procedures, reports, and environmental value protection measures plans.

2.  Types of personnel for interviews: Organization staff, community members in the operational area, government officials, environmental experts, etc.

Other factors:

1.  For identified potential negative impacts, preventive measures should be formulated, including adopting eco-friendly operational techniques, enhancing staff education and training, and developing contingency plans.

2.  For negative impacts that have occurred, scientific methods and technologies should be employed, while also considering consultation with and the needs of local communities, to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation and restoration measures. Mitigation and restoration measures may include ecological restoration.

3.  Mitigation and restoration measures are crucial means of protecting forest ecosystems. Organizations should develop effective mitigation and restoration measures based on actual circumstances to prevent or mitigate the negative impacts of operational activities on environmental values.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 6.2)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 6.2)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 6.2. Prior to the start of site-disturbing activities, The Organization shall identify and assess the scale, intensity and risk of potential impacts of management activities on the identified environmental values.

準則6.2. 當立地干擾活動開始前，組織應界定並評估經營活動對已確定之環境價值潛在影響之規模、強度和風險。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        組織提供識別及評估環境價值表單或報告，根據生物物理環境和人文環境的定義，識別經營活動區域內外周邊的環境價值。

2.        組織訪談的人員類型:作業活動區域之社區成員、政府官員、環境專家等。

二、其他因素：

1.        識別的方式，可採用文獻分析、現場調查、專家諮詢和當地社區參與等方法進行識別; 其中現場調查可包括：植被調查、動物調查、水質和土壤質量測量、歷史、文化景觀價值調查。

2.        組織依據環境價值的稀缺性、敏感性等因素，評估組織經營活動對所辨識的環境價值影響程度。

3.        根據評估結果，制定應對措施，例如:避免、減輕經營活動對環境價值的負面影響。

4.        作業活動後，應定期進行監測，並記錄監測結果，作為下次作業活動調適之用。

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation:

Criterion 6.2. Prior to the start of site-disturbing activities, The Organization shall identify and assess the scale, intensity and risk of potential impacts of management activities on the identified environmental values.

Possible sources of information:

1. The organization provides forms or reports for identifying and assessing environmental values, identifying environmental values within and outside the management area based on definitions of biological, physical, and human environments.
2. Types of personnel for interviews: Community members in the management area, government officials, environmental experts, etc.

Other factors:

1. Methods of identification may include literature analysis, field surveys, expert consultations, and local community participation; Field surveys may include vegetation surveys, animal surveys, measurements of water and soil quality, and surveys of historical and cultural landscape values.
2. The organization assesses the impact of its management activities on identified environmental values based on factors such as scarcity and sensitivity of environmental values.
3. Based on assessment results, the organization develops response measures, such as avoiding or mitigating the negative impacts of management activities on environmental values.
4. After operational activities, regular monitoring should be conducted, and monitoring results should be recorded for use in adjusting future operational activities.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 6.1)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 6.1)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 6.1. The Organization shall assess environmental values in the Management unit and those values outside the Management unit potentially affected by management activities. This assessment shall be undertaken with a level of detail, scale and frequency that is proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of management activities, and is sufficient for the purpose of deciding the necessary conservation measures, and for detecting and monitoring possible negative impacts of those activities.

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        組織提供環境價值評估報告，大綱內容，如下述三、FSC環境價值評估報告格式所示。

2.        組織的評估、保護及監測的方式，評估: 組織應制定環境價值評估程序，明確評估的內容、方法、時間安排等; 評估應以科學方法為基礎，並考慮當地社區的意見。保護: 組織應根據評估結果，制定環境價值保護措施; 保護措施應有效、可行，並與經營活動相適應。監測: 應定期進行，並記錄監測結果。

二、其他因素：

1.        FSC環境價值的定義:生態系統功能(包括:碳吸存和儲存)、生物多樣性(是指森林生態系統中存在的各種生物，包括植物、動物、微生物等)、水資源、土壤、大氣、景觀價值(包括文化和精神價值)。

2.        組織應使用文獻分析、現場調查、專家諮詢和當地社區參與，進行識別、保護、與監測等方法。

三、FSC環境價值評估報告格式

壹、封面

·    報告名稱：;組織名稱：;報告編號：;發行日期：;評估人員

貳、目錄

參、  緒論

·     概述報告的目的、範圍和方法; 說明組織的概況和森林經營活動

肆、評估範圍

·     確定經營單位; 確定可能受經營活動影響的經營單位外部的環境價值

伍、環境價值識別

·     根據生物、物理環境和人文環境的定義，識別經營單位內外的環境價值

·     使用文獻分析、現場調查、專家諮詢和當地社區參與等方法進行識別

陸、環境價值重要性評估

·     依環境價值的稀缺性、敏感性等，以確定其對森林經營的影響程度的重要性

柒、保護措施

·     根據評估結果，制定有效、可行、與經營活動相適應之保護措施，以保護重要的環境價值

捌、監測計畫

·     制定監測計畫，內容包括:監測指標、方法、頻率，以評估保護措施的有效性

玖、結論

·     總結評估結果和保護措施; 提出改進建議

附錄

·     環境價值評估表、環境價值地圖、環境價值監測指標

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation:

Criterion 6.1. The Organization shall assess environmental values in the Management unit and those values outside the Management unit potentially affected by management activities. This assessment shall be undertaken with a level of detail, scale and frequency that is proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of management activities, and is sufficient for the purpose of deciding the necessary conservation measures, and for detecting and monitoring possible negative impacts of those activities.

Preparation of possible data sources:

1.         The organization provides an environmental value assessment report with an outline content as shown in the following Appendix. FSC Environmental Value Assessment Report Format.

2.         Methods of assessment, protection and monitoring of the organization, assessment: The organization should develop environmental value assessment procedures, clarifying the content, methodology, and timing of the assessment; The assessment should be based on a scientific methodology and take into account the views of local communities. Protection: Based on the results of the assessment, the organization should develop measures to protect environmental values; Protective measures should be effective, feasible and appropriate to business activities. Monitoring: This should be done on a regular basis, and the results of the monitoring should be recorded.

Other factors:

1.         Definition of FSC environmental value: ecosystem functions (including: carbon sequestration and storage), biodiversity (referring to various organisms existing in forest ecosystems, including plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.), water resources, soil, atmosphere, landscape value (including cultural and spiritual value).

2.         The organization should use literature analysis, on-site surveys, expert consultation, and local community participation for identification, protection, and monitoring.

Appendix: Format of FSC Environmental Values Assessment Report:

1. Cover Page
• Report Title; Organization Name; Report Number; Issue Date; Assessment Personnel
2. Table of Contents
3. Introduction
• Overview of the report's purpose, scope, and methods; Description of the organization's profile and forest management activities
4. Assessment Scope
• Identification of the management unit; Identification of environmental values potentially affected by management activities outside the management unit
5. Identification of Environmental Values
• Identification of environmental values within and outside the management unit based on definitions of biological, physical, and human environments; Use of methods such as literature analysis, field surveys, expert consultations, and local community participation for identification
6. Assessment of Environmental Value Importance
• Assessment of the importance of environmental values in terms of scarcity, sensitivity, etc., to determine their impact on forest management
7. Conservation Measures
• Development of effective, feasible, and adaptive protection measures based on assessment results to protect important environmental values
8. Monitoring Plan
• Development of a monitoring plan including monitoring indicators, methods, and frequency to assess the effectiveness of protection measures
9. Conclusion
• Summary of assessment results and protection measures; Recommendations for improvement
10. Appendices

•   Environmental values assessment forms, environmental values maps, environmental values monitoring indicators.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.8)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.8)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.8. The Organization shall uphold the right of local communities to protect and utilize their traditional knowledge and shall compensate local communities for the utilization of such knowledge and their intellectual property. A binding agreement as per Criterion 3.3 shall be concluded between The Organization and the local communities for such utilization through Free, Prior and Informed Consent before utilization takes place, and shall be consistent with the protection of intellectual property rights.

準則4.8. 組織應維護當地社區之權利，以保護與利用其傳統知識。當使用其知識及智慧財產權時，應給予當地社區補償。組織使用其知識前，依據準則3.3自願並事前知情同意，與當地社區達成具約束力協議，並符合智慧財產權之保護。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        收集政府或文獻，例如:當地社區傳統知識保護紀錄、知識產權登記等，以了解當地社區對傳統知識和知識產權的保護和利用情況。

2.        組織提供相關支持與保護所制訂的文件，例如:傳統知識保護政策、知識產權管理制度和其他法規。

3.        確保社區居民，了解組織對保護和利用當地社區傳統知識和知識產權的做法的知曉度和參與情況，以及他們對組織在該方面的看法。

二、其他因素：

1.        組織在保護和利用當地社區傳統知識和知識產權過程中的實際做法，例如:是否與當地社區進行充分溝通協商、是否尊重當地社區的文化傳統和習俗?

2.        組織提出合作計畫案，支持原住民族傳統知識保護和利用的研究，例如:「原住民族傳統知識數位典藏計畫」、「原住民族傳統知識產業發展計畫」等。

3.        協助原住民族傳統知識產品，透過媒體和宣導活動，提高民眾對原住民族傳統知識的認識和交易等。

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation: 

Criterion 4.8. The Organization shall uphold the right of local communities to protect and utilize their traditional knowledge and shall compensate local communities for the utilization of such knowledge and their intellectual property. A binding agreement as per Criterion 3.3 shall be concluded between The Organization and the local communities for such utilization through Free, Prior and Informed Consent before utilization takes place, and shall be consistent with the protection of intellectual property rights.

 Possible sources of information:

1. Collecting government or documentary records, such as records of traditional knowledge protection in local communities, intellectual property registrations, etc., to understand the protection and utilization of traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights in local communities.
2. Providing documents related to the support and protection enacted by the organization, such as policies on traditional knowledge protection, intellectual property management systems, and other regulations.
3. Ensuring that community residents understand the organization's practices in protecting and utilizing traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights, as well as their involvement, and their views on the organization's practices in this regard.

Other factors:

1. The organization's actual practices in protecting and utilizing traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights in local communities, such as whether there is sufficient communication and negotiation with local communities, and whether local cultural traditions and customs are respected.
2. Proposing cooperative project plans to support research on the protection and utilization of indigenous traditional knowledge, such as the "Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Digital Archive Project" or the "Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Industry Development Project."
3. Assisting indigenous traditional knowledge products through media and advocacy activities to increase public awareness and transactions related to indigenous traditional knowledge.