永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 6.5)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 6.5)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 6.5 The Organization shall identify and protect representative sample areas of native ecosystems and/or restore them to more Natural conditions. Where representative sample areas do not exist or are insufficient, The Organization shall restore a proportion of the Management unit to more Natural conditions. The size of the areas and the measures taken for their protection or restoration, including within plantations, shall be proportionate to the conservation status and value of the ecosystems at the landscape level, and the scale, intensity and risk of management activities.

準則6.5. 組織應界定並保護具有原生生態系代表性之區域，並/或進行復育使其更接近自然狀態。當無代表性區域或不足時，組織應在經營單元內復育部分區域使其更接近自然狀態。保護或復育的範圍與措施(涵蓋人工林)，應符合地景層級之保育狀態、生態系價值及經營活動之規模、強度和風險。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        組織提供相關文件，例如: 原生生態系統代表性樣區的資訊(森林植被、地形地貌、水文狀況等)、地圖、範圍; 保護措施、監測計畫與結果等書面資訊

2.        組織訪談的人員類型:組織業辦人員、社區成員、政府官員、環境專家等。

二、其他因素：

1.        組織應訂定明確保護或復育目標、範圍、措施、責任分工等保護/復育措施。

2.        應根據監測結果，調適保護或復育措施; 由社區及專家參與，共同制定和實施保護或復育計畫。

3.        如果原生生態系統代表性樣區不足，則制定復育計畫。復育計畫應基於科學研究和生態專家的建議，並符合當地生態系統特徵，恢復部分經營單位至更自然的狀態。例如:使用本地原生樹種進行造林，恢復森林結構和功能; 清除入侵物種、改善水文狀況、營造適合物種生存的環境，以改善棲息地; 停止立地干擾，讓自然演替過程逐步恢復原生生態系統等。 

重點稽核項目	稽核內容	說明
原生生態系統代表性樣區的識別	組織是否有系統性地識別原生生態系統代表性樣區？	是否根據森林植被、地形地貌、水文狀況等因素，劃定原生生態系統代表性樣區？
原生生態系統代表性樣區的保護	組織是否有採取措施保護原生生態系統代表樣性區？	是否限制人類活動，防止棲息地破壞？
原生生態系統代表性樣區的復育	組織是否有採取措施復育退化或破壞的原生生態系統代表性樣區？	是否制定復育計畫，採取人工造林、棲息地改善等措施？
保護或復育措施的有效性	保護或復育措施是否有效？	是否定期監測保護或復育效果，並進行調整？

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation:

Criterion 6.5 The Organization shall identify and protect representative sample areas of native ecosystems and/or restore them to more Natural conditions. Where representative sample areas do not exist or are insufficient, The Organization shall restore a proportion of the Management unit to more Natural conditions. The size of the areas and the measures taken for their protection or restoration, including within plantations, shall be proportionate to the conservation status and value of the ecosystems at the landscape level, and the scale, intensity and risk of management activities.

Possible sources of information:

1. The organization provides relevant documents, such as basic information on representative sample areas of native ecosystems (forest vegetation, topography, hydrological conditions, etc.), maps, scopes; written information on protection measures, monitoring plans, and results.
2. Types of personnel for interviews: Organization staff, community members, government officials, environmental experts, etc.

Other factors:

1. The organization should establish clear protection or restoration goals, scope, measures, responsibilities, etc., for protection/restoration measures.
2. Based on monitoring results, protection or restoration measures should be adjusted; community and expert participation should be involved in developing and implementing protection or restoration plans.
3. If representative sample areas of native ecosystems are insufficient, then a restoration plan should be developed. The restoration plan should be based on scientific research and recommendations from ecological experts, and it should align with local ecosystem characteristics to restore a portion of the management unit to a more natural state. For example: using local native species for afforestation to restore forest structure and function; removing invasive species, improving hydrological conditions, creating environments suitable for species survival to enhance habitats; ceasing site-disturbing activities to allow natural succession processes to gradually restore native ecosystems, etc.

Key items	Contents	Illustrate
Identification of representative sample areas of native ecosystems	Does the organization systematically identify representative sample areas of native ecosystems?	Have representative sample areas of native ecosystems been delineated based on forest vegetation, topography, hydrological conditions and other factors?
Protection of representative sample areas of native ecosystems	Has the organization taken steps to protect representative areas of native ecosystems?	Are human activities restricted to prevent habitat destruction?
Restoration of representative sample areas of native ecosystems	Has the organization taken measures to restore representative areas of degraded or damaged native ecosystems?	Has a restoration plan been developed and measures such as artificial afforestation and habitat improvement adopted?
Effectiveness of conservation or restoration measures	Are conservation or restoration measures effective?	Are the protection or restoration effects regularly monitored and adjustments made?