永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.7)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.7)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.7. The Organization, through engagement with local communities, shall identify sites which are of special cultural, ecological, economic, religious or spiritual significance, and for which these local communities hold legal or customary rights. These sites shall be recognized by The Organization, and their management and/or protection shall be agreed through engagement* with these local communities.

準則4.7. 透過當地社區的參與，組織應確認其法定或習慣權利下具特殊文化、生態、經濟、宗教或重大心靈意義之場址。場址應被組織認同，其管理與/或保護應透過當地社區參與同意。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        組織提供對當地社區文化、生態、經濟、宗教或精神重要性場址進行識別、認可和管理或保護的做法。

2.        確保社區居民，了解組織對當地社區文化、生態、經濟、宗教或精神重要性場址的知曉度和參與情況，以及他們對組織在該方面的識別、認可和管理或保護看法。

二、其他因素：

1.        確認組織員工、受影響社區成員和政府官員，了解組織的爭議解決和補償機制，及其看法和感受。

2.        識別的方式:可與當地社區或聘請專家學者，進行溝通協商，以了解當地社區對文化、生態、經濟、宗教或精神重要性場址;組織應建立一個公開透明的識別程序，讓當地社區成員參與其中。

3.        認可方式:組織應對識別出的當地社區文化、生態、經濟、宗教或精神重要性場址進行認可，將認可結果告知當地社區，並徵求當地社區的意見和建議;組織可以建立一個認可機制，對認可出的場址進行定期審查和更新。

4.        管理或保護方式:組織應制定管理或保護計畫，對認可出的場址進行管理或保護;組織應與當地社區合作，共同管理或保護認可出的場址;組織應定期評估管理或保護效果，並根據評估結果進行調整。

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation: 

Criterion 4.7. The Organization, through engagement with local communities, shall identify sites which are of special cultural, ecological, economic, religious or spiritual significance, and for which these local communities hold legal or customary rights. These sites shall be recognized by The Organization, and their management and/or protection shall be agreed through engagement with these local communities. 

Possible sources of information:

1.  Practices by the organization in identifying, recognizing, and managing or protecting sites of special cultural, ecological, economic, religious, or spiritual significance to local communities.

2.  Ensuring that community residents understand the organization's awareness of and involvement in sites of special cultural, ecological, economic, religious, or spiritual significance to local communities, as well as their views on the organization's identification, recognition, and management or protection in this regard. 

Other factors:

1.  Confirming the understanding of organization staff, affected community members, and government officials regarding the organization's dispute resolution and compensation mechanisms, as well as their opinions and feelings.

2.  Methods of identification: Communication and negotiation with local communities or hiring expert scholars to understand sites of special cultural, ecological, economic, religious, or spiritual significance to local communities; the organization should establish a publicly transparent identification process for local community members to participate in.

3.  Recognition process: The organization should recognize the identified sites of special cultural, ecological, economic, religious, or spiritual significance to local communities, inform the local communities of the recognition results, and solicit their opinions and suggestions; the organization can establish a recognition mechanism for regular review and updates of recognized sites.

4.     Management or protection methods: The organization should develop management or protection plans for recognized sites, co-manage or co-protect recognized sites with local communities, regularly assess the effectiveness of management or protection, and adjust based on assessment results.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.6)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.6)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Indicator 4.6.The Organization, through engagement with local communities, shall have mechanisms for resolving grievances and providing fair compensation to local communities and individuals with regard to the impacts of management activities of The Organization.

準則4.6. 組織應與當地社區共同建立申訴解決之機制，於當地社區與民眾因組織之經營活動受到影響時，提供合理補償。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.        組織是否制定了公開透明的爭議解決和補償機制，包括:組織員工的回應及SOP文本？

2.        是否在當地社區的參與下，建立了爭議解決和補償機制？

3.        組織是否在爭議解決和補償過程中，尊重當地社區的文化傳統和習俗？

4.        組織是否在爭議解決和補償方面做出持續努力，經常性的討論更新？

二、其他因素：

1.     確認組織員工、受影響社區成員和政府官員，了解組織的爭議解決和補償機制，及其看法和感受。

2.     確認組織實際做法，是否公開透明並尊重當地社區的文化傳統和習俗？

3.     組織應有監督機制，以確保爭議解決和補償機制有效運作，例如:定期公布監測結果及更新調適等。

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation: 

Indicator 4.6. The Organization, through engagement with local communities, shall have mechanisms for resolving grievances and providing fair compensation to local communities and individuals with regard to the impacts of management activities of The Organization.

 Possible sources of information:

1. Whether the organization has established publicly transparent mechanisms for dispute resolution and compensation, including responses from organization staff and SOP texts?
2. Whether dispute resolution and compensation mechanisms have been established with the participation of local communities?
3. Whether the organization respects the cultural traditions and customs of local communities during the dispute resolution and compensation process?
4. Whether the organization makes continuous efforts in dispute resolution and compensation, engaging in regular discussions and updates? 

Other factors:

1. Confirming the understanding of organization staff, affected community members, and government officials regarding the organization's dispute resolution and compensation mechanisms, as well as their opinions and feelings.
2. Confirming whether the organization's actual practices are publicly transparent and respectful of the cultural traditions and customs of local communities.
3. The organization should have oversight mechanisms to ensure the effective operation of dispute resolution and compensation mechanisms, such as regularly publishing monitoring results and updating adjustments.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.5)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.5)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.5. The Organization, through engagement with local communities, shall take action to identify, avoid and mitigate significant negative social, environmental and economic impacts of its management activities on affected communities. The action taken shall be proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of those activities and negative impacts.

準則4.5. 透過當地社區參與，採取行動確認社區因經營活動所遭受社會、環境與經濟重要之負面影響，並加以避免及減緩。行動採取應切合經營活動與負面影響之規模、強度及風險。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.     組織備有經營活動時，對受影響社區的承諾和做法之相關文件，例如:經營計畫書、社區發展計畫、程序書等。

2.     組織的相關實務工作文件，例如:環境影響評估報告、社會影響評估報告、案例等，是否有採取行動以識別、避免和減輕其經營活動的負面影響的做法?

3.     確認居民對組織經營活動的看法，以及他們對組織在識別、避免和減輕其經營活動的負面影響方面的感受。

二、其他因素：

1.     組織是否與受影響社區進行溝通協商，以確定其經營活動的潛在負面影響？在進行訪談時，是否邀請不同群體的人士參加，以獲得更全面的意見?

2.     組織是否制定了識別、避免和減輕其經營活動的負面影響的政策和規定？

3.     組織採取那些措施，以避免和減輕其經營活動的負面影響？

4.     組織有否在識別、避免和減輕其經營活動的負面影響方面做出持續努力？ 

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Regarding the standards of FSC FM, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether in pre-assessment or annual assessment, national, public, and private forest managers may consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation: 

Criterion 4.5. The Organization, through engagement with local communities, shall take action to identify, avoid and mitigate significant negative social, environmental and economic impacts of its management activities on affected communities. The action taken shall be proportionate to the scale, intensity and risk of those activities and negative impacts.

Possible sources of information:

1. Relevant documents regarding the organization's commitments and practices towards affected communities during management activities, such as operational plans, community development plans, procedural documents, etc.
2. Relevant practical work documents of the organization, such as environmental impact assessment reports, social impact assessment reports, case studies, etc., to determine if actions have been taken to identify, avoid, and mitigate the negative impacts of its management activities.
3. Confirmation of residents' views on the organization's management activities and their feelings towards the organization's efforts in identifying, avoiding, and mitigating the negative impacts of its management activities. 

Other factors:

1. Whether the organization has communicated and negotiated with affected communities to determine the potential negative impacts of its management activities? When conducting interviews, whether individuals from different groups have been invited to obtain more comprehensive opinions?
2. Whether the organization has established policies and regulations to identify, avoid, and mitigate the negative impacts of its management activities?
3. What measures has the organization taken to avoid and mitigate the negative impacts of its management activities?
4. Whether the organization has made continuous efforts in identifying, avoiding, and mitigating the negative impacts of its management activities?

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.4)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.4)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.4. The Organization shall implement additional activities, through engagement with local communities that contribute to their social and economic development, proportionate to the scale, intensity and socio-economic impact of its management activities.

準則4.4. 組織應依據經營活動之規模、強度與社會經濟影響，透過當地社區參與，落實有助於其社會和經濟均衡發展之附加活動。 

一、可能資料來源的整備：

1.     有關於組織對當地社區社會和經濟發展的承諾文件，例如，組織的ESG報告書、社區發展計畫書等。

2.     組織在社區發展活動中的實際做法，例如:有否與當地社區進行溝通協商，是否尊重當地社區的文化傳統和習俗?

3.     確認社區居民對組織所提供額外活動的知曉度和參與度，以及他們對組織在促進當地社會和經濟發展方面的看法。

二、 其他因素：

1.     組織在當年度對於當地社區經濟發展和社區繁榮的貢獻，例如:計畫編訂之預算數及實施成果。組織在內部稽核或檢驗時，可以如下操作:分析組織的年度計畫和預算文件; 訪談組織員工和當地社區成員，了解他們對組織在促進當地社區經濟發展和社區繁榮方面的看法; 收集和分析組織在促進當地社區經濟發展和社區繁榮方面的數據和信息，例如:就業率、收入、基礎設施建設等。

2.     與當地社區居民進行溝通協商時，應確保代表性：與不同社區成員（年齡、性別、社會群體）互動，以了解他們對組織在促進當地社會和經濟發展方面的看法。

3.   組織在內部稽核或檢驗時，可以如下操作: 組織員工與當地社區居民進行溝通協商的記錄;組織是否採取措施，確保不同群體都能參與其中。

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Regarding the FSC FM standard, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, forest management operators in the public, private, and governmental sectors, when applying for FSC FM verification during pre-assessment or annual audits, can consider the following sources of information and other factors for preparation: 

Criterion 4.4. The Organization shall implement additional activities, through engagement with local communities that contribute to their social and economic development, proportionate to the scale, intensity, and socio-economic impact of its management activities. 

Possible sources of information for preparation:

1. Commitment documents regarding the organization's contributions to the social and economic development of local communities, such as the organization's ESG report (if available), community development plans, etc.

2. The organization's actual practices in community development activities, such as: whether there has been communication and negotiation with local communities, whether respect has been shown for local cultural traditions and customs.

3. Confirmation of the awareness and participation of community residents in the additional activities provided by the organization, as well as their views on the organization's promotion of local social and economic development. 

Other factors to consider:                         

1. The organization's contributions to local community economic development and community prosperity in the current year, such as: budgeting and implementation results of planned activities. During internal audits or inspections, the organization can analyze the organization's annual plans and budget documents, interview organization staff and local community members to understand their views on the organization's promotion of local community economic development and prosperity, collect and analyze data and information on the organization's promotion of local community economic development and prosperity, such as employment rates, income, infrastructure construction, etc.

2. When communicating and negotiating with local community residents, ensure  to interact with different community members (age, gender, social groups) to understand their views on the organization's promotion of local social and economic development. 

3. During internal audits or inspections, the organization could inspect the communication records between organization staff and local community residents, and determine whether measures have been taken to ensure the participation of different groups.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.3)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.3)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的整備與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.3. The Organization shall provide reasonable opportunities for employment, training and other services to local communities, contractors and suppliers proportionate to scale and intensity of its management activities.

準則4.3. 組織應依據經營活動之規模及強度，提供合理之僱用、培訓及其他服務機會給當地社區、承包商與供應商。 

一、可能資料來源的整備： 

1.     組織有否相關文件，例如:人力資源政策、培訓計畫和招標文件，說明對當地社區、承包商和供應商的承諾和做法?

2.     組織的經營活動實務，是否有當地勞動力參與?是否有為當地社區提供培訓和技能提升機會?

3.     社區居民在組織的經營活動中，有獲得的就業、培訓和其他服務機會的事證。

4.     提供具體實務案例，說明組織在特定情況下有對當地社區、承包商和供應商提供支持措施。

 二、 其他因素： 

組織在經營活動中優先考慮當地勞動力，承包商和供應商、提供當地社區提供培訓和技能提升機會，是否促進了當地經濟發展和社區繁榮?

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Regarding the FSC FM standard, which comprises 10 principles and 70 criteria, globally applicable, forest management operators in the public, private, and governmental sectors, when applying for FSC FM verification during pre-assessment or annual review, can consider the following data sources for preparation and other factors for verification: 

Criterion 4.3. The Organization shall provide reasonable opportunities for employment, training, and other services to local communities, contractors, and suppliers proportionate to the scale and intensity of its management activities. 

Possible sources of data compilation:

1. Does the organization have relevant documents such as human resources policies, training plans, and tender documents outlining commitments and practices regarding local communities, contractors, and suppliers?

2. Are there instances of local workforce participation in the organization's operational activities? Have opportunities for training and skill development been provided to local communities?

3. Is there evidence of local residents obtaining employment, training, and other service opportunities through the organization's operational activities?

4. Provide specific practical examples illustrating the organization's support measures for local communities, contractors, and suppliers in specific circumstances. 

Other factors:

Has the organization prioritized local labor, contractors, and suppliers in its operational activities? Have opportunities for training and skill development provided to local communities promoted local economic development and community prosperity?

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.2)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.2)

 關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的收集與注意事項，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.2. The Organization shall recognize and uphold the legal and customary rights of local communities to maintain control over management activities within or related to the Management unit to the extent necessary to protect their rights, resources, lands and territories. Delegation by local communities of control over management activities to third parties requires Free, prior and informed consent.

準則 4.2. 組織維護經營單元內及周遭相關經營活動之控管，應認同並維護當地社區法定與習慣權利，在必要時須保護當地社區權利、資源、土地及領域。當當地社區將經營活動的管控權利授予第三方時，須是自願並事前知情同意。

 一、可能資料來源的整備： 

1. 延續準則4.1的資料收集，同時組織應準備相關文件，例如:經營計畫書、相關程序、報告或政策，有否載明組織對當地社區權利的承諾和做法?這些承諾和做法，有否依據相關法律和人權框架來的尊重和保障當地社區權利?

2. 組織在經營活動中，有否與當地社區進行溝通協商?有否尊重當地社區的傳統和習慣?有否在保護當地社區權利的同時促進當地社會的經濟和社會發展?

3. 組織有否提供具體案例，說明在什麼特定情況下，有對當地社區權利的處理方式?

二、其他因素： 

1. 組織的經營活動，不違反當地社區法定與習慣權利。

2. 有否以自願並事前知情同意(FPIC)，與當地社區進行溝通協商?

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Regarding the FSC FM standard, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, forest management operators in the public, private, and governmental sectors, when applying for FSC FM verification during pre-assessment or annual review, can consider the following data sources for collection and considerations for verification: 

Criterion 4.2. The Organization shall recognize and uphold the legal and customary rights of local communities to maintain control over management activities within or related to the Management unit to the extent necessary to protect their rights, resources, lands and territories. Delegation by local communities of control over management activities to third parties requires Free, prior and informed consent. 

Possible sources of data compilation:

1. Building upon the data collection outlined in Criterion 4.1, the organization should also prepare relevant documents such as management plans, procedures, reports, or policies. Do these documents outline the organization's commitments and practices regarding the rights of local communities? Are these commitments and practices respectful and protective of the rights of local communities based on relevant legal and human rights frameworks?

2. Has the organization engaged in communication and negotiation with local communities during management activities? Has it respected the traditions and customs of local communities? Has it promoted economic and social development within the local community while protecting their rights?

3. Has the organization provided specific examples illustrating how it addresses the rights of local communities under particular circumstances? 

Other factors:

1. The organization's management activities do not violate the legal and customary rights of local communities.

2. Has the organization engaged in communication and negotiation with local communities using Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)?

永續森林經營發生的二三事...FSC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 4.1)From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for FSC Forest Management Criteria(C 4.1)

關於FSC FM的標準，其10項原則與70項準則，是屬全球性通用的。因此國、公、私有林經營者，在申請FSC FM驗證的預審或年審時，可以考慮以下資料來源的收集與其他因素，以備驗證。

Criterion 4.1. The Organization shall identify the local communities that exist within the Management unit and those that are affected by management activities. The Organization shall then, through engagement with these local communities, identify their rights of tenure, their rights of access to and use of forest resources and ecosystem services, their customary rights and legal rights and obligations that apply within the Management uni.

準則 4.1. 組織應確認在經營單元內或受經營活動影響之當地社區。組織應透過當地社區之參與，確認其所有權、森林資源和生態系服務取得及使用權利、適用於經營單元內法定與習慣之權利和義務。 

一、可能資料來源的整備： 

1. 相關文件：分析政府機關的檔案、土地所有權圖、歷史文件和其他官方資料，以識別經營單位內部和受經營活動影響的社區。進行套圖，將空間數據（例如土地使用地圖、衛星影像）與社會繪圖技術（參與式繪圖練習）相結合，以直觀地表示社區邊界和資源使用模式。

2. 社區調查：在該區域內進行家庭調查，直接從居民那裡收集有關其社區成員身份、土地所有權和資源使用的資訊。或對關鍵人物進行深入訪談，了解他們的個人經歷、傳統知識以及對資源使用和權利的看法。或進行焦點小組討論：與不同社區成員的進行焦點座談，收集對其權利、需求和關注的集體觀點。

3. 專家訪談：採訪對該地區有了解的當地非政府組織、學者、政府官員和耆老，以深入了解現有社區及其習慣權。 

二、 其他因素： 

1. 確保代表性：與不同社區成員（年齡、性別、社會群體）互動，以了解他們對社區之權利和觀點。

2. 在整個數據收集和分析過程中，需徵得知情同意並尊重文化敏感性。

3. 結合初級資料（調查）與次級資料（訪談、觀察）的收集整理，以獲得較完整的了解。

4. 最好能與社區成員分享初步結果以獲取反饋，促進往後的合作事宜。 

    具體的方式可以根據現況進行調整。例如，在進行社區調查時，可以使用問卷、訪談、觀察等多種方法。在進行專家訪談時，可以邀請不同領域的專家參加，以獲得更全面的意見。

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Regarding the FSC FM standard, its 10 principles and 70 criteria are globally applicable. Therefore, when applying for FSC FM verification, whether for pre-assessment or annual review, forest management operators in the public, private, and governmental sectors can consider the following sources of data collection and other factors for verification:

 Criterion 4.1. The Organization shall identify the local communities that exist within the Management unit and those that are affected by management activities. The Organization shall then, through engagement with these local communities, identify their rights of tenure, their rights of access to and use of forest resources and ecosystem services, their customary rights and legal rights and obligations that apply within the Management unit. 

Possible sources of data compilation:

1. Relevant  documents: Analyze governmental archives, land ownership maps, historical records, and other official data to identify communities within the management unit and those affected by management activities. Conduct mapping exercises, combining spatial data (such as land use maps, satellite imagery) with social mapping techniques (participatory mapping exercises) to identify community boundaries and resource use patterns.

2. Community surveys: Conduct household surveys within the area to directly gather information from residents regarding their community membership, land ownership, and resource use. Or conduct in-depth interviews with key individuals to understand their personal experiences, traditional knowledge, and perspectives on resource use and rights. Or conduct focus group discussions: Engage in focus group discussions with different community members to gather collective perspectives on their rights, needs, and concerns.

3. Expert interviews: Interview local non-governmental organizations, scholars, government officials, and elders familiar with the area to gain deeper insights into existing communities and their customary rights. 

Other factors:

1. Ensuring representation: Interact with different community members (varying by age, gender, social groups) to understand their rights and perspectives on the community.

2. Obtain informed consent and respect cultural sensitivities throughout the data collection and analysis process.

3. Integrate primary data (surveys) with secondary data (interviews, observations) collection and compilation to gain a more comprehensive understanding.

4. Ideally, share preliminary findings with community members to obtain feedback and facilitate future cooperation.

Specific approaches can be adjusted based on the circumstances. For example, various methods such as questionnaires, interviews, and observations can be used during community surveys. When conducting expert interviews, experts from different fields can be invited to provide a more comprehensive range of opinions.