永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.2 & I 8.2.9)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.2 & I 8.2.9).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求。

8. Operation運營

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2維護森林生態系統的健康和活力

8.2.9 The pesticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons whose derivatives remain biologically active and accumulate in the food chain beyond their intended use, and any pesticides banned by international agreement, shall be prohibited.

Note: “Pesticides banned by international agreements” are defined in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

8.2.9 應禁止使用農藥，例如其衍生物仍具有生物活性並在食物鏈中積累超出其預期用途的氯化烴，以及國際協定禁止的任何農藥。

備註：「國際協議禁用的農藥」定義在《斯德哥爾摩公約》上的持久性有機污染物。

可能資料的整備：

       為了保護環境和人體健康，應禁止使用那些在環境中不易分解，且容易在生物體內累積的農藥，如氯化烴類。 組織必須遵守《斯德哥爾摩公約》等國際公約中所列出的禁止使用農藥的規定。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         提供一份詳細的農藥使用清單，明確列出所有使用的農藥種類，並標示其成分。

2.         保存所有使用的農藥的安全數據表，以確認農藥的成分是否屬於禁止使用範圍。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified:

8. Operation

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2.9 The pesticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons whose derivatives remain biologically active and accumulate in the food chain beyond their intended use, and any pesticides banned by international agreement, shall be prohibited.

Note: “Pesticides banned by international agreements” are defined in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Preparation of possible information:

In order to protect the environment and human health, the use of pesticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, that are not easily decomposed in the environment and can easily accumulate in living organisms, should be prohibited. Organizations must comply with the prohibitions on the use of pesticides listed in international conventions such as the Stockholm Convention.

Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         Provide a detailed list of pesticide use, clearly listing all types of pesticide used and labeling their ingredients.

2.     Keep Safety Data Sheets for all pesticides used to confirm whether the ingredients of the pesticides are prohibited. 

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.2 & I 8.2.8)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.2 & I 8.2.8).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求。

8. Operation運營

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2維護森林生態系統的健康和活力

8.2.8 The WHO Class 1A and 1B pesticides and other highly toxic pesticides shall be prohibited, except where no other viable alternative is available. Any exception to the usage of WHO Class 1A and 1B pesticides shall be defined in the national/regional standard.

8.2.8 應禁止使用WHO 1A類和1B類農藥以及其他高毒性農藥，除非無其他可行的替代方案。對使用WHO 1A類和1B類農藥的任何例外情況，應在國家/地區標準中明確規定。

可能資料的整備：

       為了保護環境和人體健康，應儘量避免使用毒性最高的殺蟲劑。在極少數情況下，若沒有其他可行的替代品，才可使用 WHO 1A 和 1B 類殺蟲劑，但必須符合國家或地區的相關規定。 對於任何例外情況，組織必須能夠提供充分的理由和文件證明。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         提供一份詳細的農藥使用清單，明確列出所有使用的農藥種類，並標示其毒性等級。

2.         對於使用 WHO 1A 和 1B 類殺蟲劑的情況，必須提供一份詳細的替代方案評估報告，說明為何沒有其他可行的替代品。

3.         提供相關文件證明，顯示組織在使用 WHO 1A 和 1B 類殺蟲劑時，已符合國家或地區的相關規定。

4.         對於使用高毒性農藥的區域，應進行風險評估，以評估其對環境和人體健康的潛在影響。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified:

8. Operation

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2.8 The WHO Class 1A and 1B pesticides and other highly toxic pesticides shall be prohibited, except where no other viable alternative is available. Any exception to the usage of WHO Class 1A and 1B pesticides shall be defined in the national/regional standard.

Preparation of possible information:

       In order to protect the environment and human health, the use of the most toxic pesticides should be avoided as much as possible. In rare cases, WHO Groups 1A and 1B pesticides can only be used if there are no other viable alternatives, but only in accordance with national or regional regulations. For any exceptions, the organization must be able to provide sufficient justification and documentary proof.

Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         Provide a detailed list of pesticide use, clearly listing all types of pesticide used and indicating their toxicity rating.

2.         For the use of WHO group 1A and 1B pesticides, a detailed assessment of alternatives must be provided as to why no other viable alternatives are available.

3.         Provide documentation showing that the organization has complied with national or regional regulations when using WHO Group 1A and 1B pesticides.

4.         For areas where highly toxic pesticides are used, a risk assessment should be carried out to assess their potential impact on the environment and human health.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.2 & I 8.2.7)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.2 & I 8.2.7).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求。

8. Operation運營

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2維護森林生態系統的健康和活力

8.2.7 Any use of pesticides is documented.

8.2.7 應對任何農藥的使用進行記錄。

可能資料的整備：

        組織應詳細記錄所有殺蟲劑的使用情況，透過記錄，可以提高森林經營活動的透明度，並可以作為追溯農藥使用情況的依據。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.        記錄所有使用的農藥種類、數量、施用時間、地點、施用方式、施用人員等資訊。

2.        保存農藥製造商或供應商提供的農藥使用安全數據表（Safety Data Sheet，簡稱SDS）。

3.        記錄農藥的儲存地點、儲存方式，確保農藥的安全性。

4.        若有農藥的回收或廢棄，應有相關的紀錄。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified:

8. Operation

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2.7 Any use of pesticides is documented.

Preparation of possible information:

       Organizations should keep detailed records of the use of all pesticides, which can improve the transparency of forest management activities and can be used as a basis for tracing the use of pesticides. Therefore, the organization should prepare the following information:

1.        Recording the type, quantity, application time, place, application method, application personnel and other information of all pesticides used.

2.        Keeping a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for pesticide use provided by the pesticide manufacturer or supplier.

3.        Recording the storage location and storage method of pesticides to ensure the safety of pesticides.

4.        If there is a recall or disposal of pesticides, there should be relevant records. 

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.2 & I 8.2.6)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.2 & I 8.2.6).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求。

8. Operation運營

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2維護森林生態系統的健康和活力

8.2.6 The integrated pest management, appropriate silviculture alternatives and other biological measures shall be preferred to minimize the use of pesticides.

8.2.6 應優先採用整合性病蟲害管理、適當的林木栽培替代方案和其他生物防治措施，以減少農藥的使用。

可能資料的整備：

       組織應盡可能減少殺蟲劑的使用，以保護環境和人體健康，優先考慮其他更友善環境的措施，例如綜合害蟲管理、林木栽培替代方案、生物防治等。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.        病蟲害管理程序，內容包括: 整合性病蟲害管理方式、以及如何預防和控制害蟲，並優先考慮非化學的防治措施。

2.        提供農藥使用紀錄，包括使用的種類、數量、施用時間和地點等。

3.        針對所採用替代措施，例如: 林木栽培替代方案和其他生物防治措施的成效進行評估，並有相關的數據支持。

4.        提供相關的監測資料，證明害蟲的發生狀況和防治效果。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified:

8. Operation

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2.6 The integrated pest management, appropriate silviculture alternatives and other biological measures shall be preferred to minimize the use of pesticides.

Preparation of possible information:

       Organizations should reduce the use of pesticides as much as possible to protect the environment and human health, prioritizing other more environmentally friendly measures, such as integrated pest management, silvicultural alternatives, biological control, etc.  Therefore, organizations should prepare the following information:

1.        Pest and disease management procedures, including: integrated pest management practices and how to prevent and control pests, and prioritize non-chemical control measures.

2.        Provide records of pesticide use, including the type and quantity used, time and place of application, etc.

3.        The effectiveness of the alternatives used, such as alternatives to silviculture and other biological control measures, was evaluated and supported by relevant data.

4.        Provide relevant monitoring data to prove the occurrence of pests and the effectiveness of control and control.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.2 & I 8.2.5)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.2 & I 8.2.5).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求。

8. Operation運營

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2維護森林生態系統的健康和活力

8.2.5 The indiscriminate disposal of waste on forest land shall be strictly avoided. Non-organic waste and litter shall be collected, stored in designated areas and removed in an environmentally-responsible manner. The spillage of oil or fuel during forest management operations shall be prevented. Emergency procedures for the minimization of risk of environmental harm arising from the accidental spillage shall be in place.

8.2.5嚴格避免在森林土地上任意棄置廢棄物。非有機廢棄物和垃圾應集中存放在指定區域並以環保方式處理。應預防森林經營操作中油或燃料的洩漏，並擬定緊急程序以最小化意外洩漏對環境造成的風險。

可能資料的整備：

       組織在森林作業中產生的廢棄物應妥善管理，不得隨意丟棄非有機廢棄物和垃圾應被收集，儲存在指定區域，並以環保的方式移除。 應採取措施防止油料洩漏，並有應對措施。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.        廢棄物處置程序書，內容說明廢棄物的分類、收集、儲存和處理方式。

2.        針對油料管理計畫，說明油料的儲存、運輸和使用方式，以及應對洩漏的緊急程序。

3.        提供相關的監測紀錄，證明廢棄物處置和油料管理的有效性。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified:

8. Operation

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2.5 The indiscriminate disposal of waste on forest land shall be strictly avoided. Non-organic waste and litter shall be collected, stored in designated areas and removed in an environmentally-responsible manner. The spillage of oil or fuel during forest management operations shall be prevented. Emergency procedures for the minimization of risk of environmental harm arising from the accidental spillage shall be in place.

Preparation of possible information:

       Waste generated by the organization in forest operations should be properly managed, non-organic waste should not be discarded at will, and garbage should be collected, stored in designated areas, and removed in an environmentally friendly manner. Measures should be taken to prevent oil leakage and countermeasures should be taken. Therefore, the organization should prepare the following information:

1.        Waste disposal procedure, which explains how waste is sorted, collected, stored and treated.

2.        For the oil management plan, explain the storage, transportation and use of the oil, as well as the emergency procedures to deal with the spill.

3.    Provide relevant monitoring records to demonstrate the effectiveness of waste disposal and oil management.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.2 & I 8.2.4)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.2 & I 8.2.4).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求。

8. Operation運營

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2維護森林生態系統的健康和活力

8.2.4 Appropriate forest management practices such as reforestation and afforestation with tree species and provenances that are suited to the site conditions or the use of tending, harvesting and transport techniques that minimize tree and/or soil damages shall be applied.

8.2.4 應應用適當的森林經營實務，如適合於立地條件的樹種和來源進行重新造林和造林，或使用能減少樹木和/或土壤損害的撫育、收穫和運輸技術。

可能資料的整備：

        組織應選擇適合當地環境條件的樹種和來源進行造林或再造林，以提高成活率和生長量。在撫育、採伐和運輸過程中，應採用能將對樹木和土壤損害降至最低的技術，以保護森林生態系統。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.        組織的森林經營計畫，包括造林樹種選擇的科學依據，證明所選樹種適合當地環境條件。

2.        組織說明如何在撫育、採伐和運輸過程中，減少對立木和土壤的損害。

3.        提供相關的監測資料，證明森林經營措施，能反映森林的實際狀況。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified:

8. Operation

8.2 Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality.

8.2.4 Appropriate forest management practices such as reforestation and afforestation with tree species and provenances that are suited to the site conditions or the use of tending, harvesting and transport techniques that minimize tree and/or soil damages shall be applied.

Preparation of possible information:

        Organization should select tree species and sources suitable for local environmental conditions for afforestation or reforestation to improve survival and growth. Forest ecosystems should be protected by techniques that minimize damage to trees and soils during tending, harvesting and transport.

Therefore, the organization should prepare the following information:

1.        The organization's forest management plan, including the scientific basis for the selection of afforestation tree species, to demonstrate that the selected tree species are suitable for local environmental conditions.

2.        The organization explains how to reduce damage to standing trees and soils during tending, harvesting and transportation.

3.     Provide relevant monitoring information to demonstrate that forest management practices reflect the actual state of the forest.