永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.6)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.6).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.6 The afforestation, reforestation and other tree planting activities that contribute to the improvement and restoration of ecological connectivity shall be promoted.

8.4.6 應推廣有助於改善和恢復生態連通性的造林、再造林和其他植樹活動。

可能資料的整備：

       森林生態系統之間的連通性對於物種的遷移、基因交流以及生態過程的維持至關重要。森林經營活動應考慮如何改善和恢復不同森林板塊之間的連通性，以促進生態系統的完整性。除了傳統的造林和復育外，還可以通過其他植樹活動，如沿河流或道路兩旁植樹，來增強生態連通性。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         說明如何連接不同森林板塊的生態廊道規劃。

2.         提供植樹計畫，包括樹種選擇、種植密度、種植地點等。

3.         提供與其他土地使用者（如農民、社區）合作的相關文件，以確保生態廊道的連續性。

4.         提供對生態連通性的改善效果的評估報告。

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PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.6 The afforestation, reforestation and other tree planting activities that contribute to the improvement and restoration of ecological connectivity shall be promoted.

Preparation of possible information:

       Connectivity between forest ecosystems is essential for species migration, gene exchange, and the maintenance of ecological processes. Forest management activities should consider how to improve and restore connectivity between different forest plates in order to promote ecosystem integrity. In addition to traditional afforestation and restoration, ecological connectivity can be enhanced through other tree-planting activities, such as planting trees along rivers or on both sides of roads.

Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         Illustrate how to plan ecological corridors that connect different forest plates.

2.         Provide a tree planting plan, including tree species selection, planting density, planting location, etc.

3.         Provide documentation for collaboration with other land users (e.g. farmers, communities) to ensure the continuity of the ecological corridor.

4.     Provide an assessment report on the effectiveness of ecological connectivity improvements. 

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.5)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.5).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.5 The reforestation and afforestation origins of native species that are well-adapted to site conditions shall be preferred. Only those introduced species, provenances or varieties shall be used whose impacts on the ecosystem and on the genetic integrity of native species and local provenances have been scientifically evaluated, and if negative impacts can be avoided or minimized.

Note: CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) Guiding Principles for the Prevention, Introduction, and Mitigation of Impacts of Alien Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or Species are recognized as guidance for avoidance of invasive species.

8.4.5 在再造林和造林過程中，應優先選擇適應場地條件的本地物種起源。只有經過科學評估其對生態系統和本地物種及本地來源基因完整性影響，且能避免或將負面影響降至最低的引進物種、來源或品種才能使用。

註：《生物多樣性公約》（CBD）關於防止、引進和減少對生態系統、生境或物種威脅的外來物種影響的指導原則被認可為避免入侵物種的指導。

可能資料的整備：

       在進行復育和造林時，應優先選擇當地原本生長的樹種。這些樹種經過長時間的演化，已經適應了當地的土壤、氣候等環境條件，更容易成活並與當地生態系統建立穩定的關係。在引入外來樹種前，必須進行充分的科學評估，確保其不會對生態系統造成負面影響。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         說明選擇樹種的依據，包括樹種的生態特性、對環境的適應性、以及對當地生態系統的潛在影響。

2.         如果使用了引進種，應提供一份風險評估報告，評估其對生態系統的潛在影響，並監測引進種植樹木的生長狀況以及對生態系統的影響。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.5 The reforestation and afforestation origins of native species that are well-adapted to site conditions shall be preferred. Only those introduced species, provenances or varieties shall be used whose impacts on the ecosystem and on the genetic integrity of native species and local provenances have been scientifically evaluated, and if negative impacts can be avoided or minimized.

Note: CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) Guiding Principles for the Prevention, Introduction, and Mitigation of Impacts of Alien Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or Species are recognized as guidance for avoidance of invasive species.

Preparation of possible information:

       In the process of reforestation and afforestation, priority should be given to the selection of tree species that originally grew in the area. These tree species have evolved over a long period of time and have adapted to local environmental conditions such as soil and climate, making it easier for them to survive and establish a stable relationship with the local ecosystem. Before introducing an alien species, it is important to conduct a thorough scientific assessment to ensure that it does not negatively affect the ecosystem. Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         Describe the basis for the selection of tree species, including the ecological characteristics of the species, its adaptability to the environment, and its potential impact on local ecosystems.

2.     If introduced species are used, a risk assessment report should be provided to assess their potential impacts on the ecosystem and to monitor the growth of the introduced trees and the impact on the ecosystem.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.4)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.4).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.4 The successful regeneration shall be ensured through natural regeneration or planting that is adequate to ensure the quantity and quality of the forest resources.

8.4.4 透過自然更新或種植確保成功更新，以確保森林資源的數量和品質。

可能資料的整備：

       當森林受到干擾（如採伐）後，必須採取措施進行再生，以恢復森林的原有功能。天然更新是優先考慮的方式，因為它能更好地維持森林的生物多樣性。當天然更新無法達到目標時，可以輔以人工造林，但必須確保種植的樹種和密度適合當地生態環境。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         提供更新造林計畫，包括:如果天然更新的預期效果、人工造林的樹種選擇、種植密度等。

2.         提供更新造林效果的監測數據，例如:幼苗存活率、樹高生長量等。

3.         必要的話，提供土壤條件的評估報告，以確定是否適合天然更新或需要人工造林。

4.         如果進行人工造林，可以提供種子來源的證明，確保種子來源於本土、健康的母樹。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.4 The successful regeneration shall be ensured through natural regeneration or planting that is adequate to ensure the quantity and quality of the forest resources.

Preparation of possible information:

       When a forest is disturbed (e.g. logging), measures must be taken to regenerate it in order to restore the original function of the forest. Natural regeneration is a priority as it better sustains the biodiversity of forests. When natural regeneration does not meet the target, it can be supplemented by artificial reforestation, but it must be ensured that the species and density of trees planted are suitable for the local ecological environment. Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         Provide a reforestation plan, including: expected effects of natural regeneration if applied, selection of tree species for reforestation, planting density, etc.

2.         Provide monitoring data on the effectiveness of reforestation, such as seedling survival rate, tree height growth, etc.

3.         If necessary, provide an assessment of soil conditions to determine suitability for natural regeneration or the need for artificial reforestation.

4.     In the case of reforestation in plantation, proof of seed origin can be provided to ensure that the seeds coming from native, healthy mother trees.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.3)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.3).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.3 The protected, threatened and endangered plant and animal species shall not be exploited for commercial purposes. Where necessary, measures shall be taken for their protection and, where relevant, to increase their population.

Note: The requirement does not preclude trade according to CITES requirements.

8.4.3 不得商業性開發受保護、瀕危和滅絕危險的動植物物種。必要時，應採取措施保護它們，並在相關情況下增加其數量。

註：此要求不排除根據《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》（CITES）的貿易。

可能資料的整備：

       對於受到法律保護或面臨生存危機的動植物，不得為了商業利益進行捕獵、採集或交易。對於這些物種，組織應採取積極的保護措施，例如建立保護區、進行人工復育等。對於部分受到《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》(CITES) 規範的物種，在符合該公約規定的前提下，是可以進行有限度的貿易的。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         列出森林中受保護、受威脅和瀕危的動植物物種。

2.         針對每種瀕危物種，制定詳細的保護計畫，包括:執法、復育、監測等措施。

3.         如果涉及到CITES規範的物種貿易，應提供相關的許可證。

4.         提供員工培訓紀錄，說明員工了解並遵守相關的保護規定。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.3 The protected, threatened and endangered plant and animal species shall not be exploited for commercial purposes. Where necessary, measures shall be taken for their protection and, where relevant, to increase their population.

Note: The requirement does not preclude trade according to CITES requirements.

Preparation of possible information:

       Animals and plants that are protected by law or in danger of survival must not be hunted, gathered or traded for commercial gain. For these species, organizations should take active conservation measures, such as establishing protected areas, artificial restoration, etc. Some species regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) can be traded to a limited extent, subject to the Convention's requirements.

Therefore, organizations should prepare the following data:

1.         List protected, threatened, and endangered species of flora and fauna in the forest.

2.         For each endangered species, a detailed conservation plan is developed, including: law enforcement, rehabilitation, monitoring and other measures.

3.         If trade in CITES-regulated species is involved, the relevant licence should be provided.

4.     Provide staff training records to show that employees understand and comply with the relevant protection requirements.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.2)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.2).

PEFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.2 The inventory, mapping and planning of forest resources shall identify, protect, conserve or set aside ecologically important forest areas.

Note: This does not prohibit forest management activities that do not damage the important ecologic values of those biotopes.

8.4.2 對森林資源進行盤點、繪圖和規劃，以識別、保護、保存或劃出生態重要的森林區域。

註：這並不禁止不損害這些生境重要生態價值的森林管理活動。

可能資料的整備：

        在進行森林資源的調查和規劃時，必須識別對生態系統具有重要作用的區域，例如:具有高生物多樣性、稀有物種棲息地、或提供重要生態功能的區域。一旦識別出這些生態重要區域，就應採取相應的措施進行保護和保育，以確保其生態功能不受損害。對於特別重要的區域，可以考慮劃定為保護區或保留區，給予更嚴格的保護。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.         提供一份有關於生態價值評估報告，說明如何識別生態重要區域，以及這些區域的生態價值，並標示出所有生態重要區域的位置和範圍的生態地圖。

2.         在評估報告內，針對每個生態重要區域，制定保護和保育計畫，包括:管理措施、監測指標等。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.2 The inventory, mapping and planning of forest resources shall identify, protect, conserve or set aside ecologically important forest areas.

Note: This does not prohibit forest management activities that do not damage the important ecologic values of those biotopes.

Preparation of possible information:

       When surveying and planning forest resources, it is important to identify areas that are important to ecosystems, such as areas with high biodiversity, habitats for rare species, or areas that provide important ecological functions. Once these ecologically important areas have been identified, appropriate measures should be taken to protect and conserve them to ensure that their ecological functions are not compromised. For areas of particular importance, consideration may be given to designating them as protected areas or reserved areas for stricter protection.

Therefore, organization should prepare the following data:

1.         Provide an ecological map of the ecological value assessment of how ecologically important areas were identified, as well as the ecological value of these areas, and the location and extent of all ecologically important areas.

2.     In the assessment report, a protection and conservation plan is formulated for each ecologically important area, including: management measures, monitoring indicators, etc.

永續森林經營發生的二三事...PEFC 森林經營準則的實務整備(C 8.4 & I 8.4.1)。From the Concepts of Sustainable Forest Management to Reality: Practical Steps for PEFC Forest Management Criteria(C 8.4 & I 8.4.1).

EFC（Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification，森林驗證認可計畫）與FSC (Forest Stewardship Council，森林經營委員會)，同為全球兩大森林驗證系統。全球林業經營者，在追求森林的永續經營上，所採用的經營標準內容，有否差異呢?我們將瞭解PEFC的驗證框架之原則與準則內容，及如何準備PEFC驗證的要求，其他內容請參考https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/。

8. Operation運營

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4維護、保護和適當增強森林生態系統中的生物多樣性

8.4.1 Management planning shall aim to maintain, conserve or enhance biodiversity on landscape, ecosystem, species and genetic levels.

8.4.1 經營規劃應旨在維護、保護或增強景觀、生態系統、物種和基因層次的生物多樣性。

可能資料的整備：

       森林的生物多樣性不僅僅是物種的多樣性，還包括生態系統、基因等多個層級的多樣性。森林經營活動應以維持或增進生物多樣性為目標，而不是對其造成損害。除了關注單一森林的生物多樣性外，還應考慮整個森林景觀的生物多樣性。森林經營者要像保護珍貴的自然資產一樣，去維護和提升森林的生物多樣性。

因此組織應準備以下資料：

1.        提供生物多樣性調查報告，包括物種名錄、棲地類型、分布範圍等。

2.        針對重點保護物種和棲地制定詳細的保育計畫。

3.        森林經營計畫中應包含維護和增進生物多樣性的具體措施。

4.        建立與實施一套監測指標，用以評估生物多樣性的變化趨勢，作為調適經營的基礎。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PEFC and FSC are the two biggest names in forest certification. So, what's the difference between these two systems? Are they asking forest managers to do completely different things to get certified? Let's dive into PEFC and see what it takes to get certified. For more information, please refer to https://sustainableforest.blogspot.com/.

8. Operation

8.4 Maintenance, conservation and appropriate enhancement of biological diversity in forest ecosystems.

8.4.1 Management planning shall aim to maintain, conserve or enhance biodiversity on landscape, ecosystem, species and genetic levels.

Preparation of possible information:

       The biodiversity of forests is not only the diversity of species, but also the diversity of ecosystems, genes and other levels. Forest management activities should aim at maintaining or enhancing biodiversity, not at harming it. In addition to focusing on the biodiversity of individual forests, the biodiversity of the entire forest landscape should be considered. Forest managers need to maintain and enhance the biodiversity of forests in the same way that they protect precious natural assets.

Therefore, the organization should prepare the following information:

1.        Provide a biodiversity survey report, including a list of species, habitat types, distribution ranges, etc.

2.        Develop detailed conservation plans for key protected species and habitats.

3.        Forest management plans should include specific measures to maintain and enhance biodiversity.

4.     Establish and implement a set of monitoring indicators to assess trends in biodiversity as a basis for adaptive management.