永續森林經營發生的二三事...林地的「社會價值」與FSC FM原則的整合思考

永續森林經營者在經營林地時，會先考慮及確認其林地及周邊相關土地的「社會價值」。這裡的「社會價值」，在 FSC FM標準反而沒有正式定義。由於「社會價值」是一個跨領域的概念，其定義會根據不同的學科、組織和應用情境而有所側重。在永續森林經營的組織，所謂的「社會價值」應該是該組織在林業經營時，所進行的經營活動對周邊社區、社會整體或特定群體，例如:僱員、勞工等利害相關方所產生的正面影響或貢獻。它強調的是對人類福祉、公平正義、社會凝聚力等方面的價值。

因此舉凡組織提供生活品質改善， 例如: 提供良好的教育訓練、醫療保險、住房等;促進公平與正義， 例如: 減少貧富差距、保障弱勢群體的權益等; 增強社會凝聚力， 例如: 促進社區參與、提升信任感等; 促進健康與福祉，例如: 提供安全的環境、推廣健康的生活方式等; 傳承文化與歷史，例如: 保護文化遺產、支持藝術發展等，均是永續森林經營組織對「社會價值」重視的展現。

森林經營者若要申請國際FSC森林驗證，可以在每五年或每十年的經營計畫書內容上，就應在「社會價值」方面進行大尺度的識別利害相關方 (Stakeholders)：判識所有受到林業經營活動影響的個人或群體，例如：僱員、勞工、顧客、供應商、社區居民、政府、非政府組織等。理解不同利害相關方對組織在促進人類福祉、公平正義、社會凝聚力、及文化與歷史傳承等方面的期望和看法，進行評估、擬定管理策略、方法(含監測)、及回饋等，以符合原則二: 勞工權益與僱用條件、原則三: 原住民族的權利、及原則四: 社區關係及原則八:監測與評估。在「社會價值」判識的過程，經營者還需要確認該「社會價值」，是否為高保護類?答案若是肯定的，那麼原則9：高保育價值，也需要符合。

目前的台灣國有林的經營活動，除了考慮大尺度的影響，也以預防性的方式，在作業活動前，會進行小規模的「社會價值」影響評估，以避免潛在的「社會價值」受到破壞。

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Sustainable forest managers will first consider and recognize the social value of their forest land and the surrounding land when managing forest land. The social value here is not formally defined in the FSC FM standard. Since social value is a cross-sectoral concept, its definition will vary depending on the discipline, organization, and application context. In sustainable forest management organization, the so-called social value should be the positive impact or contribution of the organization's operational activities to the surrounding community, society as a whole or specific groups, such as employees, laborers and other stakeholders. It emphasizes values for human well-being, fairness and justice, social cohesion, and more.

Therefore, organizations provide quality of life improvements, such as: providing good education and training, medical insurance, housing, etc.; Promote fairness and justice, e.g. reducing the gap between rich and poor, protecting the rights and interests of vulnerable groups, etc.; Enhance social cohesion, e.g. promote community participation, enhance trust, etc.; Promote health and well-being, e.g. providing a safe environment, promoting healthy lifestyles, etc.; The inheritance of culture and history, such as the preservation of cultural heritage and the support of the arts, is a demonstration of the importance that sustainable forest management organizations place on social values.

If forest managers want to apply for international FSC forest certification, they should identify stakeholders in terms of "social value" in the content of the management plan every five or ten years: identify all individuals or groups affected by forestry management activities, such as employees, workers, customers, suppliers, community residents, governments, non-governmental organizations, etc. Understand the expectations and perceptions of different stakeholders on the organization's contribution to human well-being, fairness and justice, social cohesion, and cultural and historical heritage, and evaluate and develop management strategies, methods (including monitoring), and feedback to meet Principle 2: Labour Rights and Conditions of Employment, Principle 3: Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and Principle 4: Community Relations and Principle 8: Monitoring and Evaluation. In the process of identifying "social value", the operator also needs to confirm whether the "social value" is a high-protection category. If the answer is yes, then Principle 9: High conservation value, also needs to be met.

At present, in addition to considering the large-scale impact, the management activities of Taiwan's state-owned forests will also be carried out in a precautionary way, and a small-scale social value impact assessment will be carried out before the operation to avoid the potential destruction of social value.